Austria treads new ground in the area of monument protection with a modern protective structure over Terrace House 2, a structure which aims to combine conservation requirements with optical aesthetics and which, through the use of the most up-to-date materials, is clearly distinguished from the ancient ruins.

   In 1995 - after all previous attempts had failed - planning was begun of a protective structure over Terrace House 2 in Ephesos, on the basis of the complex problems concerning the care of the monument and the climatological conditions.
   For this purpose, the so-called "Hanghauskommission" was established, consisting of three representatives respectively of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, the National Ministry for Science and Traffic, the Sponsors, and of the Turkish Republic, supported by international experts.
   The protective structure, an important element of the necessary conservation work, must keep at bay from the ruins all adverse environmental and climactic influences. Due to the establishment of environmental conditions which are as favourable as possible, the preservation and ultimately the presentation of this unique building complex, with its wall paintings, mosaic floors, decorative stone work and other architectural elements, is consistently successful. For the planning of such a protective structure, the ruins themselves - the building materials once used here, the situation in the landscape, and the influence of the environment - were decisive. It was necessary for structural physicists, structural chemists, climate technicians and structural geologists to investigate the ancient building complex with regard to the causes of its decay.
   In 1996 the so-called "Hanghauskommission" selected one project from among five proposed, a project which was also chosen as the most suitable by the competent Turkish authorities in February 1997, and thereby the building permission was obtained.

   The project proposed by the planner Prof. Dr. DI Wolfdietrich Ziesel (Vienna) and the architect DI Otto Häuselmayr (Vienna) is based on a lightweight supporting structure of high-grade steel with a roofing of textile membrane and a transparent polycarbonate façade in the form of overlapping scales. Above all, the protective function was fulfilled: wind, sun, rain, and all other external influences which might damage the ancient remains, should be effectively and permanently warded off. Furthermore, the protective structure fits in to the environmental landscape of Ephesos through its simplified form, and presents no visual competition to the excavations.

   The transparent closures at the sides together with the translucent roofing material provide comfortable natural light in every area of the ancient enclosure. A room temperature which would be acceptable to the visitor and above all to the ancient remains was a condition of the project, a project which represents Austrian architecture and engineering.

EXCAVATIONS IN THE AREA OF THE TETRAGONOS AGORA

History of research

   The market place of Ephesos attested epigraphically as the "Tetragonos Agora" was superficially cleared between 1901 and 1907 by Wilhelm Wilberg, and in 1967 elements of the late antique columnar architecture were re-erected by the Efes Müzesi (Ephesos Museum) at Selçuk. Deeper excavations under the direction of Gerhard Langmann between 1977 and 1986 exposed, in the east of the agora, a section of a late archaic - classical burial ground, and in the west, parts of an early hellenistic storehouse. In 1987 Peter Scherrer joined the Agora Team as an excavation assistant, and since 1992 he has led the excavations as Project Director. From 1987 until 1996, a village settlement of the 8th to the 4th century B.C., concentrated under the hellenistic agora (itself divided into four building phases) has been studied, a settlement which may be identified with the site of Smyrna attested in ancient literary sources. Since 1997, field research has concentrated on the building history of the agora, from its renovation and expansion in the early Imperial period until its final abandonment in the 9th century A.D. Since 1996, as an element of FWF-Projects 11032 and 13233 and with the support of the University Anniversary Foundation of the City of Vienna, the scientific publication of the ceramic finds has been systematically pursued.

Smyrna - a subgeometric to classical period settlement

   At the time of the arrival of the Greek colonists, in the first quarter of the first millennium B.C., an inlet of the sea reached up to the western border of the later agora. In the innermost nook of this inlet, directly on the coast, the village settlement of Smyrna was developed in the middle of the 8th century B.C. An early, short-lived phase characterised by wooden structures was quickly replaced by buildings with stone socles bound with mud. One of these very early domestic structures has an oval ground plan. The first phase of settlement ended already before the mid-7th c. B.C. as a result of a widespread conflagration; this was probably due to the attack of the nomadic Kimmerians, an attack which is attested in literary sources. In the next phase, one- to three-roomed houses of from 12 to 30 sq. m. grew up along narrow alleyways; in the 6th century, these were rebuilt into larger structures with courtyards and a greater number of rooms.
   In the mid-6th century B.C., the rising sea level must have been the cause for the abandonment of the village area under study. A kiln, a deep well and numerous basins dug into the ground indicate, however, that the area was still used for industrial purposes up until the 4th century B.C. From the burial field located 100 m. east of the settlement along the slope of the Panayirdag, only inhumation burials of the 6th till the 4th century are yet known; of the expected cremation burials dating to the earlier period (8th-7th c.), no evidence has yet come to light.

The hellenistic Agora

   During the second decade of the 3rd c. B.C., in the course of the new foundation of Ephesos under King Lysimachos, the settlement was razed, the land was terraced, and a trade market was set up on terrain which at that time had the correct level of ground water. The sea must have already receded somewhat, as already at this time a road built of broken stones was laid down, leading from the west gate of the agora towards the harbour in the west.
The hellenistic agora must have encompassed an area of ca. 70 x 100 m., according to the excavations which have only been extensively carried out in the west; along its borders free-standing storage buildings and stoas were erected step by step, until in the late 2nd or early 1st c. B.C., in the course of a programme of monumentalisation, an enclosed stoa building which ran around all sides of the agora was built.

The Agora of the Roman Imperial period

   During the reign of the Emperor Augustus, in ca. 20-10 B.C., a complete renovation of the market was undertaken, sponsored by the Association of Roman Traders of the Province of Asia; this rebuilding consisted of a quadrangular court measuring 111 m. to a side, at a level of ca. 1.5 m. above that of the late hellenistic market structure. The encircling two-storeyed, two-aisled stoa, including the 23 rooms which lay behind each row of colonnades, occupied a width of 17 m. and an exterior length of 154 m. To enable easier delivery of goods from the harbour road, which lay at a lower level, an enclosed cellar accessed by six doors was laid out beneath the west stoa. The devastating earthquake of A.D. 23 demolished the still incomplete agora; only the wall foundations and the South Gate, which was completed in ca. 3 B.C., remained standing. The new building, identical in plan, was available for use during the reign of the Emperor Claudius (41-54 A.D.), the upper storey being dedicated under Emperor Nero, before the murder of the Emperor's mother Agrippina (in 58 A.D.). The final completion of the structure, with the concluding marble veneering of the walls, lasted however into the early second century A.D.

The Forum of Theodosius

   The remains which are visible in ruins today date primarily to the late 4th century A.D., when, out of the foundations of the early Imperial period a completely new building was yet again achieved. For this market, which from this point on was known as the Forum of Theodosius, re-used building materials were exclusively used, deriving from structures either destroyed by earthquake or demolished for ideological grounds, in particular from structures associated with the Imperial cult.

In 1842, Philippines physician Dr. John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients.] He hoped eventually to use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings. He even envisioned centralized air conditioning that could cool entire cities. Though his prototype leaked and performed irregularly, Gorrie was granted a patent in 1851 for his ice-making machine. His hopes for its success vanished soon afterwards when his chief financial backer died. Gorrie did not get the money he needed to develop the machine. According to his biographer Vivian M. Sherlock he blamed the "Ice King," Frederic Tudor, for his failure, suspecting that Tudor has launched a smear campaign against his invention. After Gorrie's death in 1855 the idea of air conditioning faded away for some years.

Early commercial applications of air conditioning were to industrial processing rather than personal comfort. In 1902 the first modern electrical air conditioning was invented by Willis Haviland Carrier. Designed to improve manufacturing process control in a printing plant, his invention controlled not only temperature but also humidity. The low heat and humidity were to help maintain consistent paper dimensions and ink alignment. Later, Carrier's technology was applied to increase productivity in the workplace, and The Carrier Air Conditioning Company of America was formed to meet the rising demand. Over time air conditioning came to be used to improve comfort in homes and automobiles. Residential sales expanded dramatically in the 1950s.

The first air conditioners and refrigerators employed toxic gases such as ammonia and methyl chloride, which could result in fatal accidents if they leaked. Thomas Midgel, Jr. created the first chlorofluorocarbon gas, Freon, in 1928. The refrigerant was much safer for humans but was later found to be harmful to the atmosphere's ozone layer. "Freon" is a trade name of Dupont for any CFC, HCFC, or HFC refrigerant, the name of each including a number indicating molecular composition (R-11, R-12, R-22, R-134). The blend most used in direct-expansion comfort cooling is an HCFC known as R-22. It is to be phased out for use in new equipment by 2010 and completely discontinued by 2020. R-11 and R-12 are no longer manufactured in the US, the only source for purchase being the cleaned and purified gas recovered from other air conditioner systems. Several ozone-friendly refrigerants have been developed as alternatives, including R-410A, known by the brand name "Puron".

Teeth (singular, tooth) are structures found in the jaws of many vertebrates that are used to tear, scrape, and chew food. Some animals, particularly carnivores, also use teeth for hunting or defense. The roots of teeth are covered by gums.Teeth are among the most distinctive (and long-lasting) features of mammal species. Paleontologists use teeth to identify fossil species and determine their relationships. The shape of an animal's teeth is related to its diet. For example, plant matter is hard to digest, so herbivores have many molars for chewing. Carnivores, on the other hand, need canines to kill and tear meat.Humans are diphyodont, meaning that they develop two sets of teeth. The first set (the "baby," "milk," "primary" or "deciduous" set) normally starts to appear at about six months of age, although some babies are born with one or more visible teeth, known as neonatal teeth. Normal tooth eruption at about six months is known as teething and can be quite painful for an infant.Some animals develop only one set of teeth (monophyodont) while others develop many sets (polyphyodont). Sharks, for example, grow a new set of teeth every two weeks to replace worn teeth. Rodent incisors grow and wear away continually through gnawing, maintaining relatively constant length. Some rodent species, such as the sibling vole and the guinea pig, have continuously growing molars in addition to incisors

Dental anatomy is a field of anatomy dedicated to the study of tooth structures. The development, appearance, and classification of teeth fall within its purview, though dental occlusion, or contact among teeth, does not. Dental anatomy is also a taxonomical science as it is concerned with the naming of teeth and their structures. This information serves a practical purpose for dentists, enabling them to easily identify teeth and structures during treatment.The anatomic crown of a tooth is the area covered in enamel above the cementoenamel junction.The majority of the crown is composed of dentin with the pulp chamber in the center.The crown is within bone before eruption. After eruption, it is almost always visible. The anatomic root is found below the cementoenamel junction and is covered with cementum. As with the crown, dentin composes most of the root, which normally have pulp canals. A tooth may have multiple roots or just one root. Canines and most premolars, except for maxillary (upper) first premolars, usually have one root. Maxillary first premolars and mandibular molars usually have two roots. Maxillary molars usually have three roots. Additional roots are referred to as supernumerary roots.

Humans usually have 20 primary teeth (also called deciduous, baby, or milk teeth) and 32 permanent teeth. Among primary teeth, 10 are found in the maxilla and the other 10 in the mandible Teeth are classified as incisors, canines, and molars. In the primary set of teeth, there are two types of incisors, centrals and laterals, and two types of molars, first and second. All primary teeth are replaced with permanent counterparts except for molars, which are replaced by permanent premolars. Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla with the other 16 in the mandible. The maxillary teeth are the maxillary central incisor, maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary canine, maxillary first premolar, maxillary second premolar, maxillary first molar, maxillary second molar, and maxillary third molar. The mandibular teeth are the mandibular central incisor mandibular lateral incisor, mandibular canine, mandibular first premolar, mandibular second premolar, mandibular first molar, mandibularsecond molar, and mandibular third molar. Third molars are commonly called "wisdom teeth" and may never erupt into the mouth or form at all. If any additional teeth form, for example, fourth and fifth molars, which are rare, they are referred to as supernumerary teeth.

Most teeth have identifiable features that distinguish them from others. There are several different notation systems to refer to a specific tooth. The three most commons systems are the FDI World Dental Federation notation, the universal numbering system, and Palmer notation method. The FDI system is used worldwide, and the universal is used widely in the United States.Oral hygiene is the practice of keeping the mouth clean and is a means of preventing dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease, bad breath, and other dental disorders. It consists of both professional and personal care. Regular cleanings, usually done by dentists and dental hygienists, remove tartar (mineralized plaque) that may develop even with careful brushing and flossing. Professional cleaning includes tooth scaling, using various instruments or devices to loosen and remove deposits from teeth.The purpose of cleaning teeth is to remove plaque, which consists mostly of bacteria. Healthcare professionals recommend regular brushing twice a day (in the morning and in the evening, or after meals) in order to prevent formation of plaque and tartar. A toothbrush is able to remove most plaque, excepting areas between teeth. As a result, flossing is also considered a necessity to maintain oral hygiene. When used correctly, dental floss removes plaque from between teeth and at the gum line, where periodontal disease often begins and could develop caries. Electric toothbrushes not considered more effective than manual brushes for most people.The most important advantage of electric toothbrushes is their ability to aid people with dexterity difficulties, such as those associated with rheumatoid arthritis.In addition, fluoride therapy is often recommended to protect against dental caries. Water fluoridation and fluoride supplements decrease the incidence of dental caries. Fluoride helps prevent dental decay by binding to the hydroxyapatite crystals in enamel.The incorporated fluoride makes enamel more resistant to demineralization and thus more resistant to decay. Topical fluoride, such as a fluoride toothpaste or mouthwash, is also recommended to protect teeth surfaces. Many dentists include application of topical fluoride solutions as part of routine cleanings.

A cable is one, two or more wires or optical fibers bound together, typically in a common protective jacket or sheath. The individual wires or fibers inside the jacket may be covered or insulated. Combination cables may contain both electrical wires and optical fibers. Electrical wire is usually copper because of its excellent conductivity, but aluminum is sometimes used because it costs less.Electrical cables may be made more flexible by stranding the wires. In this process, smaller individual wires are twisted or braided together to produce larger wires that are more flexible than solid wires of similar size. Bunching small wires before concentric stranding adds the most flexibility. A thin coat of a specific material (usually tin, but it could be silver, gold and another materials and of course the wire can be unplated - with no coating material) on the individual wires provides lubrication for longest life. Tight lays during stranding makes the cable extensible (CBA - as in telephone handset cords).Cables can be securely fastened and organized, such as using cable trees with the aid of cable ties or cable lacing. "Octopus cable" is a generic term for a cable that splits into several parts.In the 19th century and early 20th century, cable was often insulated using cloth, rubber and even paper. Plastic materials are generally used today, except for high reliability power cables. There are four types of plastic insulation used in telecommunications cables today: solid, cellular, foam skin and skin-foam-skin.In 2004 some of the leading global producers of cable products included Draka, General Cable, Nexans, Prysmian, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Furukawa Electric, Hitachi Cable, Southwire, MarmonGroup, LS Cable, LEONI, Fujikura, Tyco, Walsin Lihwa and Wilms Group.In construction, sometimes the cable jacketing is seen as a potential source of fuel for a fire. To limit the spread of fire along cable jacketing, one may use cable coating materials or one may use cables with jacketing that is inherently fire retardant. Teck cable or metal clad cables, may have exterior organic jacketing, which is often stripped off by electricians in order to reduce the fuel source for accidental fires. In Europe in particular, it is often customary to place inorganic wraps and boxes around cables in order to safeguard the adjacent areas from the potential fire threat associated with unprotected cable jacketing. All such mitigation methods are passive fire protection items subject to stringent boundingCircuit integrity for cables is also established by using either inherently fire resistant cables, such as Mineral-insulated copper-clad cables, or by using boxes made of proprietary insulations, such as calcium silicate, vermiculite or perlite, intumescent and/or endothermic coatings or ceramic fibre or rockwool wraps for fireproofing purposes. Electrical circuits that may have to be kept operational during an accidental building fire include, but are not limited to emergency power circuits, such as those that power exit signs in a building, power circuits for operating rooms in a hospital, or the wiring that connects control rooms and nuclear reactors. All such mitigation methods are passive fire protection items subject to stringent bounding. The toughest of test methods known in the industry are those mandated by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which came about as a result of the Thermo-lag scandal ,which became highly publicised after disclosures made by whistleblower Gerald W. Brown.In applications powering sensitive electronics, keeping unwanted EMI/RFI from entering circuits is important. This can be accomplished passively with shielding along the length of the cable or by running the cable in an enclosure separate from any other wires which may induct noise. It can also be actively achieved by use of a choke designed to restrict the cables' ability to conduct certain frequencies.

The Airbus Corporate Jetliner (ACJ) Family won a record 20 sales in 2006, surpassing the previous year's record of 15 orders and securing its position at the top of the corporate aviation market.

The ACJ Family comprises the A318 Elite, A320 Prestige and ACJ, which is based on the A319. Airbus has now sold a total of almost 80 ACJ Family aircraft.

"For the third year in a row we have outsold the nearest competitor in the large, top-of-the-line corporate jet market and the ACJ Family won almost two-thirds of sales in this sector in 2006," said Richard Gaona, vice president executive and private aviation. "With the widest, most comfortable cabin available in the corporate market and a thoroughly modern, reliable design, the ACJ Family is the aircraft of choice for discerning customers."

Airbus also delivered a record 10 ACJ Family aircraft in 2006 along with the first A340-600 VIP, which was handed over to the SAAD Group in December. The ACJ is also venturing into new territory with the Australian Government Antarctic Division.

All ACJ Family aircraft feature customisable corporate cabins, built in airstairs that eliminate the need for jetways or mobile steps and can be fitted with extra fuel tanks for greater range. The ACJ and A318 Elite also have a higher cruise altitude of 41,000 ft.